Uncomplicated urinary tract infections are very common and often recur. Cystitis is a common bacterial disease that usually affects women (they are about 8 times more likely to have it than men).
What is bacterial cystitis
Cystitis of a bacterial nature is characterized by an inflammatory process of the walls of the bladder. It responds well to treatment and usually does not require hospitalization.
Due to the peculiarities of the structure of the genitourinary system, most complaints about this problem come from women, but sometimes men experience it as well.
reasons for development
Bacterial cystitis always occurs for a reason - as a result of pathogens entering the bladder.
The following factors can cause the disease:
- non-observance of hygiene rules;
- the presence of chronic infections;
- delayed placement of a urinary catheter;
- use of spermicidal contraceptives;
- frequent change of sexual partners;
- Atrophic vaginitis in history.
In men, the most common factor in the development of the disease is STIs. The appearance of cystitis can be influenced by prolonged exposure to cold, frequent stressful situations and the use of certain medications, but all these factors are considered concomitant. By affecting the body's general immunity, they increase the probability of reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms.
Pathogenic microorganisms can enter the bladder via ascending, lymphogenic and hematogenous pathways. A necessary condition for the development of the disease is the invasion of bacteria in the walls of the bladder.
Symptoms
Bacterial cystitis in patients of both sexes begins with an acute phase.
It can be recognized by several specific characteristics:
- the appearance of frequent urge to go to the bathroom;
- pain, burning and discomfort during urination;
- excretion of a small amount of blood in the urine;
- false urge to go to the bathroom, a decrease in the amount of urine excreted.
In addition to the specific symptoms, the patient may experience the following signs of cystitis:
- pain during and after sexual intercourse;
- discomfort in the perineum and pelvis;
- increase in body temperature;
- pulling pains in the lower back.
A progressive disease leads to cloudy urine and the appearance of a specific odor. Urinary incontinence can also occur when sneezing or coughing. The chronic form of cystitis is characterized by the same symptoms as the acute one, but they become less pronounced and intense.
Distinctive features compared to other forms
Cystitis is a disease that has a large number of forms and manifestations. The most common bacterial, fungal and viral cystitis of an infectious nature. In some cases, the disease is caused by a "descending" kidney infection.
In addition to those listed, there is an extensive group of non-infectious cystitis. They can develop as a result of non-biological damage to the mucosa.
There are types of cystitis:
- Traumatic or foreign body cystitis. It develops with prolonged use of a urinary catheter, which leads to tissue damage.
- Interstitial or autoimmune.A chronic form of the disease, difficult to diagnose and treat, as the exact causes of development have not yet been established by specialists. Most often, this form of cystitis can be recognized by severe pain when filling the bladder, as well as a very frequent urge to urinate - in some cases, their number can reach 100 times a day.
- Lightning.Occurs in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Irradiation negatively affects the mucous membrane of the bladder, causing pain, frequent urge to urinate, blood in the urine.
- Allergic.It occurs as a reaction to allergens that have entered the body.
- chemical-toxic. This form of the disease can occur when using spermicidal gels, hygiene sprays or chlorine entering the urethra when visiting the pool.
Diagnosis
Even in the presence of specific symptoms, cystitis can only be diagnosed with the help of a laboratory urinalysis. The analysis allows to identify the presence of protein in it, an excessive percentage of leukocytes and hematuria (presence of red blood cells). In addition, bacterial culture is carried out, thanks to which the doctor can identify the causative agent of the disease and select the most effective drugs.
In men, the prostate is further examined and tests are done to exclude a number of genital infections that may be occult and asymptomatic. Women need to be examined by a gynecologist and smeared to assess the microflora.
Methods for the treatment of bacterial cystitis
Bacterial cystitis requires drug treatment with antibacterial drugs. The doctor selects the appropriate means after studying the results of laboratory tests. Chronic phase disease requires therapy for 7-10 days. In many cases, an integrated approach to treating cystitis is effective.
etiological treatment
Since the cause of the inflammatory process in the bladder is usually an infection, most often patients are given antibacterial drugs. The most common causative agent of cystitis is Escherichia coli, this uropathogenic microorganism is detected in 75-90% of cases.
In 5-10% of patients, the disease is caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus, other Enterobacteriaceae are less common.
Pathogenetic treatment
Antibacterial therapy in women can eliminate bacteria in the bladder, but it does not affect bacteria in the intestines. They again fall to the surface of the perineum, into the urethra, and then into the bladder. The membrane of the bladder, designed to protect it from the penetration of bacteria, is broken during cystitis, which causes a high probability of recurrence of the disease.
In world practice, the treatment of the chronic form of cystitis by introducing sodium hyaluron into the bladder is widespread. There are oral agents, but most often the most effective is their combination.
Such drugs allow:
- protect the bladder walls from the penetration of bacteria;
- restore the damaged protective layer of the mucous membrane;
- protect the urothelium from the influence of toxic components contained in the urine;
- significantly reduce the intensity of the inflammatory process that occurs in the bladder.
This technique is effective in case of relapses, resistance to antibacterial drugs, and lack of results from other types of therapy. Another of its advantages is to reduce the likelihood of relapses and the ability to get rid of cystitis for a long time, even in advanced cases.
Symptomatic treatment that reduces the manifestations of the disease
Bacterial cystitis in women causes discomfort and pain, which can be quite severe. Symptomatic treatment makes it possible to deal with it, the main purpose of which is to alleviate the general condition of the patient.
In most cases, doctors prescribe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, recommend giving up tea, coffee and alcoholic beverages. To relieve the pain, you can take hot showers and use a heating pad. During the treatment of cystitis, it is important to drink plenty of water.
Remedies for the treatment of bacterial cystitis in women
Therapy for cystitis in women involves oral medication. Coping with the disease in a short time allows an integrated approach that takes into account the individual characteristics of the patient's body.
antibiotics
The mainstay of cystitis treatment is the use of drugs that can selectively inhibit or destroy pathogens. For the treatment of inflammatory processes that occur in the urogenital system of the body, uroseptics are used, which are excreted through the kidneys and thus provide an effective concentration of the drug in the area of inflammation.
| Antibiotic | Description |
|---|---|
| phosphonic acid derivative | Water-soluble powder with citrus aroma. This medication is considered one of the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of cystitis. It works for about 2 hours, it is completely excreted from the body after 2 days. |
| Semi-synthetic antibiotic of the macrolide group II generation | White pills. It is prescribed to patients who have suffered cystitis as a result of a sexual infection. |
| Second generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic | Orange pills. 1 tablet is enough for 12 hours, the drug is completely excreted from the body in 1 day. |
| 1st generation quinolone antibiotic | It affects a wide variety of viruses. Available in the form of hard capsules, the active substance is nalidixic acid. |
| 1st generation quinolone antibiotic | Available in the form of capsules, the active substance is pipemidic acid. It starts working within the first 1. 5 hours after ingestion. Up to 85% of the active substance is excreted in 1 day. |
| Semi-synthetic antibiotic of the third generation cephalosporin group | Orange tablets with aroma of red fruits. The action of the drug is to suppress the synthesis of pathological microorganisms. |
Analgesics
For cystitis, doctors often prescribe nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the form of pills or rectal suppositories.
Patients who experience a relapse of the disease often need to take these medications as their main ones. The same approach is used in cases where the use of antibiotics for one reason or another is not possible. As a complex therapy, a specialist may prescribe antispasmodic drugs that block painful spasms of the bladder wall.
In the acute phase of the disease, the bladder may shrink, which prevents normal emptying. Muscle relaxation solves this problem and has an analgesic effect, improves blood circulation and restores the normal functioning of the organ.
It is important to consider that antispasmodics affect systemic blood flow and the functioning of internal organs, so they are not used for hematopoiesis problems, kidney and liver failure, acute diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and some other health problems. Therefore, its intake and dosage must be agreed with the doctor.
diuretics
Diuretics are prescribed to restore normal urination, which is an important factor in treating cystitis. The most sparing are diuretics or herbal medicines, which are intended for adjuvant therapy.
Among them are:
- A preparation in the form of a paste, composed of herbs and essential extracts. A small amount of this remedy is diluted with water and taken orally.
- Herbal tablets or solution containing centauria herb, lovage roots and rosemary leaves. It has a diuretic and antimicrobial effect on the body.
- Herb collections. The composition of these herbal remedies includes herbs that stimulate urine production and have anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and relaxing effects. As part of the fees, you can find oak bark, St. John's wort, chamomile and flax. Such remedies are effective in various forms of cystitis and are used even in advanced cases.
way of drinking
Drinking a sufficient amount of fluid can reduce urine concentration and irritation of the inflamed bladder walls, as well as increase the urge to urinate and speed up the elimination of pathogenic bacteria. Doctors recommend drinking at least 2-3 liters of water a day, based on the patient's body weight. With cystitis, bed rest is necessary, which allows you to speed up the treatment and recovery process.
Prevention
The bacterial form of cystitis lends itself well to prevention, with which you can avoid this disease and protect yourself from possible relapses after treatment.
Most experts recommend taking preventive measures:
- Hygiene. It is necessary to wash at least 1 time a day, while the direction must be from front to back. Thus, it is possible to prevent the entry of pathogens from the anus into the area of the vagina and urethra (this is the mechanism that most often leads to the development of cystitis in women).
- Drink plenty of fluid.
- Use of barrier contraceptives.
- Protection against hypothermia and long stay in wet swimsuit.
- Refusal of synthetic underwear in favor of underwear made from natural fabrics.
It is also recommended that women urinate after each sexual intercourse to get rid of bacteria that may have entered the urethra. It is equally important to empty your bladder regularly, as stagnant urine is a beneficial environment for pathogens to reproduce.
If symptoms return within 14 days of stopping therapy, urination is required for bacterial culture. Treatment failure may be due to the low susceptibility of the microorganism to the selected drug.
Possible complications and chronicity of the disease
Untreated cystitis can develop into a chronic form, which becomes much more difficult to get rid of and is more expensive to treat. You can avoid this consequence if you turn to a specialist in time when the first signs of the disease appear. A very common complication is vesicoureteral reflux. It occurs when urine enters the ureter from the bladder, i. e. in the opposite direction.
This process, if not given proper attention, can lead to inflammation of the uterus, peritonitis, or inflammation of the peritoneum. The inflammatory process in the walls of the bladder sometimes causes abscesses and scarring, resulting in a reduction in the amount of urine it can hold. In this case, the patient is faced with frequent and painful urination.
In men, prolonged cystitis can lead to leakage of urine into the prostate, an inflammatory process in the prostate, and epididymitis. Women can have reproductive problems. Cystitis, which is bacterial in nature, can acutely lead to miscarriage in pregnant women. Therefore, treatment, which in most cases takes about a week, cannot be delayed.